Japan's coincident economic index, a key gauge of current economic conditions based on indicators such as industrial production, employment, and retail sales, stood at 118.5 in June 2025, exceeding flash data of 118.2 and marking the highest reading since May 2019. The latest result followed May's 117.9, reflecting o a continued moderate economic recovery. Private consumption improved, with employment and income conditions supporting household spending, and consumer sentiment stabilising. External demand also strengthened, as exports grew amid subdued imports, although the outlook remained uncertain due to developments in the Middle East and other global risks. Fiscal policy continued to support the economy following Japan's approval of a second consecutive record-high state budget. Meanwhile, the Bank of Japan kept an accommodative policy stance despite raising its short-term policy rate by 25bps to 1.0% in June, the highest level since September 1995.